Articles Posted in Constitutional Rights

OFFICER MISCONDUCT AND THE PITCHESS MOTION

You are driving late at night and your eye catches flashing red lights in your rearview mirror. Your mind races—you were driving at the speed limit, didn’t run any stop signs or the like—why was the officer stopping you? You pull over and the officer swaggers over to your stopped vehicle. You sense something is wrong. The officer asks you for your driver’s license, registration, and insurance card; you produce all three. You are extra compliant because your sixth sense alerts you to be on guard; something is not right with this guy. He asks you to step out of the car. At this point you have no idea what you have done wrong so you politely ask the officer why he stopped you. Rather than respond to your question, his voice becomes agitated and demanding: “I said ‘Get out of the car!'” You promptly comply, feeling both angry and afraid at the same time.

The officer commands you to put your hands on your car and assume the search pose. Your mind is now racing—there is nothing, absolutely nothing, that would explain why the officer would search you. He searches your pockets and pulls out your wallet. He commands that you sit on the curb and begins riffling through your wallet. He pulls out some cash and tells you he is writing you up for several serious vehicle code violations. You know that is a lie. At this point, your brain kicks into self-defense mode. You ask the officer to return your wallet and money; the officer just laughs. So you stand up and try to grab your wallet. He gives you a big push, slamming you into your car. A struggle then ensues, which the officer initiated. Next thing you know, you are in handcuffs and being booked for resisting arrest and assault on an officer!

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Osiris Abenoja is bringing a claim against the DA’s office and Garden Grove Police for keeping him in jail for over three months while they figured out they had the wrong guy.

Abenoja was accused of robbing four banks in Anaheim, Garden Grove and Fullerton as the “Armed Clown Bandit”. DNA tests proved he wasn’t the bandit. The DA then asked a judge to release him. DNA has proven vital to criminal defense attorneys in freeing their clients over the last ten years or so.

A Huntington Beach resident, Abenoja is seeking damages in excess of $10,000. It’s likely the police and DA will deny the claim, setting the stage for a lawsuit. A good Orange County Criminal Attorney would seek to have the DNA results tested as soon as possible to see if a true match existed. Frequently, there are mixtures that can confuse the evaluator as to whether the suspect’s DNA is in the sample.

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On Wednesday, Los Angeles City Council agreed to pay nearly $13 million to people injured or mistreated in a 2007 May Day melee in MacArthur Park–bringing the total money spent over the last two weeks to settle lawsuits alleging LAPD misconduct to more than $30 million.
However, the L.A. Daily News reports that up until Wednesday’s announcement, the amount of money the City of Los Angeles has paid in lawsuits against the Los Angeles Police Department dropped over 90 percent between 2000 and 2008. The Daily News also has a database of nearly 1,600 LAPD lawsuits. The highlights? Two $950,000 settlements for 1999 and 2004 civil rights violations as well as $900,000 settlement in a 2004 sexual harassment case. The database can be found here.

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If you have been arrested for a criminal charge in Orange County, your first appearance in court is called an “arraignment.” At an arraignment, a judge or magistrate informs a defendant what charges are being brought against him and what constitutional rights a defendant has- such as a right to counsel and the right to a jury trial. In misdemeanors where the prosecution is seeking jail time or in felonies, if a defendant cannot afford and attorney, a public defender will be appointed. Usually, a defendant has to complete an affidavit of indingency in order for a public defender to be appointed.

Defendants also enter a plea at the arraignment. A defendant has three plea options: a Not Guilty Plea, a Guilty Plea and a plea of no contest–sometimes called a “nolo” or “nolo contendre” plea. A Nolo plea has the same effect as a guilty plea except the conviction cannot be used against the defendant in a civil suit.

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If you or a friend or family member has been arrested in Orange County, the following are a few things you need to know to get out of jail:
(1) Posting bail. The usual way to get released from jail is to “post bail.” Bail is cash or a cash equivalent that an arrested person gives to a court to ensure that he will appear in court when ordered to do so. If the defendant appears in court at the proper time, the court refunds the bail. But if the defendant doesn’t show up, the court keeps the bail and issues a warrant for the defendant’s arrest.

(2) Bail Payment. Bail can take any of the following forms: cash or check for the full amount of the bail , property worth the full amount of the bail, a bond (that is, a guaranteed payment of the full bail amount), or a waiver of payment on the condition that the defendant appear in court at the required time– usually called “release on one’s own recognizance.”

(3) Getting Out of Jail Free. As motioned, sometimes people are released “on their own recognizance,” or “O.R.” A defendant released O.R. must simply sign a promise to show up in court. He doesn’t have to post bail. In general, defendants who are released O.R. have strong ties to a community, making them unlikely to flee. Factors that may convince a judge to grant an O.R. release include the following: family and community ties, employment, past criminal record and past history of appearing in court.

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The media has spent much of the past ten days covering the arrest of New York Giants receiver Plaxico Burress on gun charges and the tragedy in India where 125 people lost their lives at the hands of terrorists. (A recent L.A. Times article can be found here) Both bring the discussion of gun control to the forefront of public discourse.

India has a ban on guns, yet terrorists were able to smuggle machine guns into the Taj Hotel while the victims of the attacks, helpless and unarmed, found themselves hostage. Many of the police who manned the hotel’s metal detectors weren’t even armed because of India’s strict licensing requirements. And, there have been extensive reports of frustration over Indian authorities’ decision to sit for hours outside the buildings the terrorists occupied, instead of ambushing the building with a SWAT team to try to save civilian lives.

“Concerned for his safety” Burress allegedly violated New York City’s gun regulations by carrying a concealed handgun and in the process managed to shoot himself in a crowded club last weekend. Would Burress really have been safer trusting the police to protect him? Or, is his arrest significant because he represents an arrogant culture that thinks that they can take the law into their own hands?

Both of these incidents bring to light problems with gun control. But I think embedded in this debate are issues of self defense, the police’s role of protecting citizens, and what the ramifications are when they don’t effectively do their job. Academic research has shown that the police are the most important factor in reducing crime—but, as in the case of the terrorist attack in India, the police can’t always be depended on to act quickly enough.

This country’s foundation was built on notions of a civil society, i.e. that citizens relinquish the right to take aggressive actions to protect themselves to the government and in return, government will step protect their members – such as forming a protective police force and a penal system that punishes those who don’t abide by this social contract. The theory of course is that people cannot be taking matters into their own hands or we would be living in utter chaos. The right to bear arms is arguably the second most important freedom that the founding fathers solidified via the second amendment. When police can’t promise to protect law-abiding citizens like the victims in India, should we be allowing people the right to protect themselves like Burress did? Or are we asking for chaos?

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For most misdemeanor offenses in California, a police officer can only make an arrest of a suspect without a warrant if the offense was committed in the officer’s presence. If a felony is suspected, officers can arrest people based upon witness statements, or where a warrant for the person’s arrest has been issued.

IF I AM ARRESTED, CAN THE POLICE SEARCH ME? The police have the authority to perform a search of a suspect and his immediate surroundings, “incident” to the arrest of the suspect. For example, if the police arrest a person in Irvine who was driving a car, they generally have the authority to search the entire passenger compartment of the car – and will usually also be able to search other passengers for weapons. The constitutional justification for this is found in the 4th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government. Then, if the car is impounded, the police may perform an “inventory search” of the entire car– including the contents of the trunk.

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An alleged drug dealer’s five-year prison sentence was overturned last week and charges dismissed after Los Angeles County prosecutors conceded that police included false information in an arrest report to protect the identity of a confidential informant. The Los Angeles Daily News reports the District Attorney’s office told a judge that while the evidence overwelmingly supported Michael Edward Baker’s drug conviction, the conviction should be overturned because in an attempt to protect a confidential informant, there “were certain statements made in a police report that weren’t accurate.”

The inaccuracies were discovered after Baker’s defense attorney found a sworn declaration by a federal agent that contradicted the version of Baker’s arrest given by Torrance law enforcement. Torrance officers contend that they fell upon Baker last year when they were patrolling near a 7-Eleven store and noticed that he matched the description of a suspect in a robbery at the store earlier in the day. They say they stopped him, found PCP in his car and arrested him on drug charges.

But according to the federal agent, the Torrance police set Baker up. The agent — who was part of a task force investigating Baker — said that Torrance police used one of their informants to call Baker and arrange a drug deal near the 7-Eleven. When it became clear that the CI’s identity was in danger of being uncovered, Torrance police concocted a story to protect the informant.

It is entirely legal for police to use an informant to set up a drug deal with a targeted criminal, however officers lying to protect the informant’s identity is illegal. The Los Angeles D.A.’s office is considering whether they will file criminal charges against the lying cops.

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The Los Angeles Times reports that California’s Proposition 5—aka the Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act (NORA)–was defeated by a margin of roughly 60 percent to 40 percent. As I discussed in an earlier post, the measure, which drew the attention of drug policy advocates nationwide, was regarded by some as “the biggest sentencing and prison reform in United States history” but was condemned by national drug-court advocates and California law-enforcement groups.

NORA called for more funding for addiction treatment and less imprisonment of drug offenders. Those supporting NORA stressed that it would increase funding for drug courts, but critics complained that NORA would have limited the ability of drug-court judges to jail drug offenders.

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